Study guide
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Instructional
Offering:
Code:
Lecturer:
Prescribed
Textbook:
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Inorganic Chemistry IV
Module 1
Theoretical Inorganic
Chemistry
CHI4111
Dr
N Vorster
None |
|
Recommended
reading:
BOOK
Purcell and Kotz, "An Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry"
Cotton and Hart, "The Heavy Transition Elements"
Cotton and Wilkenson, "Basic Inorganic Chemistry",
2nd. Ed.
Phillips and Williams, "Inorganic Chemistry", Vol.
II
Cotton and Wilkenson, "Advanced Inorganic Chemistry",
4th Ed.
Bailor, "Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry",
Vol.3
Streat and Naden, "Ion Exchange and Sorption Processes in
Hydrometallurgy" |
CODE
PK
CH
CWB
PW
CW
B
SN |
|
|
 |
Unit 1: Atomic Theory
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| Unit 2: Descriptive Transition Metal Chemistry
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|
There is no single prescribed textbook and you will be
provided with comprehensive notes on the relevant subject matter. However, you
may consult the above list of reference books for further information.
Remember, what we do as lecturers will enable you to obtain your diploma; what you
do will make you a chemist.
Reference books may be obtained from the library and/or from
your lecturer.
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To assist you in the
interpretation of the syllabus |
|
To break down the syllabus
into smaller units |
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To highlight essential
learning material |
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To enable you to evaluate
your own progress |
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3. GENERAL INFORMATION AND REGULATIONS
The module "Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry" is
divided into two units, namely:
|
Unit 1 Atomic Theory |
|
Unit 2 Descriptive
Transition Metal Chemistry |
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You are strongly advised to attend all their lectures as
failing to do so will affect the quality of work to be done in tutorials and
the ability to answer questions in tests correctly.
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You will write two (2) major class tests, each of 1.5 hours
duration, to evaluate your understanding of the course content. In addition to
these tests, you will complete tutorials on a regular basis and write a number
of short tutorial tests during the lecture periods. Dates for the class
tests and minor tutorial tests will be announced during the lectures.
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Class marks are determined from the marks obtained in
the two class tests and the minor tutorial tests in the following ratio:
|
Class Test 1:
Class Test 2:
Minor tests:
Class Mark: |
331/3%
331/3%
331/3%
100% |
Note that in order to obtain examination entrance, you must
achieve a minimum of 40% for your class mark. See exam
admission requirements. Also note the rules and regulations regarding
writing and missing class tests in the Department’s Rules and Regulations
Brochure.
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The final examination for this module will consist of one
three (3) hour written examination. The paper will be divided into the
following sections:
Section A: Atomic Theory
Section B: Descriptive Transition Metal Chemistry
Both sections must be answered. The mark
allocation for each section in the examination paper is proportional to the
number of lectures allocated to each section.
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3.6.1 Modules
A student will obtain a pass for a module if the combined
class and examination mark is 50%, or more, provided that a subminimum of 40%
has been obtained in the final examination. The combined mark for each module
is computed as follows:
|
Class mark :
Exam mark :
Final mark : |
40%
60%
100% |
3.6.2 Course
The final course mark for Inorganic Chemistry IV is
calculated as a weighted average of the marks obtained for the individual
modules, "Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry" and "Organometallic
and Industrial Chemistry". Should you fail one of the modules, you
retain your pass mark for other modules passed. You will pass the course
Inorganic Chemistry IV only if a final mark of at least 50% is obtained
for each module. See Calculating
the final mark.
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4. UNIT 1 CONCEPTS IN COORDINATION CHEMISTRY
8 × 1 hr = 8hrs
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4.2.1 Basic principles:
! Wave
mechanics
! Atomic
orbitals in wave mechanics
! Structures
of atoms with many electrons
! The
periodic table
! Hund's
Rule, electron configurations, effective nuclear charge
4.2.2 Transition metals - atomic structure and
valence:
!
Introduction to TM-chemistry
! 3d and 4s
electrons in the periodic table
! Filling of
3d and 4s orbitals
! Ionization
of ns and (n-1)d electrons
!
Summary
! Ionic
valence in the first transition series
! Oxidation
state diagram for the 1st transition series
! Comparison
of the three transition series
! Oxidation
state diagrams for the 2nd and 3rd transition series
4.2.3 f-Transition metals:
! The
lanthanides
! Oxidation
states
! The
lanthanide contraction
! Comparison
between lanthanides and actinides
4.2.4 Crystal- and ligand field theories - A review:
! Splitting
of d-orbitals
! Magnetic
properties
!
Spectra
! Structural
and thermodynamic effects
! Molecular
orbital theory
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PK 13-34
CWB 37-41
CWB 42-44
CWB 45-52
CWB 52-53
CWB 53-57
PW 152-153
PW 156-160
PW 160-165
PW 166
PW 166-167
PW 168-175
PW 177-180
PW 180-183
CW 981-983
CW 983
CW 981-983
CW 1005-1011
CWB 430-470
CWB 430-435
CWB 439-446
CWB 446-464
CWB 465-470
CWB 435-439 |
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After completion of this unit you should be able to:
P explain the de Broglie equation for
the wavelength associated with a moving particle of mass (m) and velocity(v);
P describe the effect which first
showed that the wave character of the electron really exists;
P specify the set of quantum numbers
used to describe an orbital and state what values of each are possible;
P state the quantum numbers for each
of the following orbitals: 1s, 2s, 2p, 4d, 4f;
P draw diagrams of each of the
following orbitals: 1s, 2px,y,z, 3dx2,xy,
yz, zx, x2-y2;
P state the exclusion principle
relevant to atomic structure and show how it leads to the conclusion that in a
given principal shell there can only be two s, six p, ten d and fourteen f
electrons;
P explain the term penetration and
why it is important in understanding the relative energies of the s, p, d and
f electrons in the same principal quantum shell and explain and use Hunds
Rule.
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P explain the meaning of
"transition" in transition metal;
P mention and discuss the three main
themes observed in transition metal chemistry;
P give a qualitative description of
the filling of the 4s and 3d orbitals;
P explain why, upon ionization of the
3d transition metals, the 4s electrons are removed before the 3d electrons;
P explain the order of stability of
the s-electrons in the three transition series, i.e. 6s > 4s > 5s;
P explain why spin paired complexes
are more common in the second and third transition series than in the first
transition series;
P explain why Cu2- is
stable but Ag2- is a very strong oxidizing agent;
P explain and illustrate the effect
of increasing charge on the d-cloud;
P explain why both low and high
oxidation states are found to be more stable for elements of the third
transition series than elements of the first transitions series;
P explain why the transition metals
exhibit such a variety of oxidation states;
P explain how the elements of the
first transition series represent the elements of the lanthanide and actinide
elements.
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P explain what you understand under
the term "lanthanide contraction" and explain the occurrence of this
phenomena;
P explain how the occurrence of M2+
and M4+ among the lanthanides may be correlated to the electronic
structures of the elements;
P explain why most lanthanides form M3+
and not M2+;
P discuss the main differences
observed between the lanthanides and actinides;
P explain why the early actinide
metals are more prone to complex formation than the lanthanides;
P explain the similarities in the
chemistries of the lanthanide elements and the elements of the last half of
the actinide series.
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P explain fully why and how a set of
six negative charges, arranged octahedrally around a central metal ion, causes
the set of d-orbitals to split;
P show, by starting with the energy
level diagram for an octahedral field, that a square planar field can be
considered as an extreme case of tetragonal distortion;
P discuss, and use, the factors
affecting the magnitude of 10);
P derive splitting diagrams for
tetrahedral and square pyramidal complexes;
P show, and explain, with the aid of
simple energy level diagrams, which dn-systems are capable of
giving both high- and low-spin configurations in Oh-fields;
P state the Jahn-Teller theorem;
P use the Cu2+ ion to
explain how this effect works;
P use CFT to explain the variation in
ionic radii of the divalent 3d-transition metals;
P use CFT to explain the variation in
the hydration energies of the divalent 3d-transition metals;
P fully discuss the origin and
features of the visible absorption spectrum of a d1-ion;
P use Tanabo-Sugano diagrams to
predict the transitions expected for TM-compounds in solution;
P fully describe, with the aid of an
energy level diagram, how a MO-diagram may be constructed for Oh
complexes in which there is no pi-bonding;
P show and explain how pi-bonding may
affect the energies of electrons in a sigma-bonded system.
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5. UNIT 2 DESCRIPTIVE TRANSITION METAL CHEMISTRY
6 × 1 hr = 6 hrs
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5.2.1 The early 4d and 5d
transition metals:
!
Zirconium and Hafnium
!
Niobium and Tantalum
!
Molybdenum and Tungsten
5.2.2 The platinum group
metals:
!
Occurrence
!
Uses
!
Extraction
!
Chemistry
5.2.3 Uranium chemistry:
!
Extraction of uranium
!
Chemistry of uranium
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CH 3-11
CH 15-24
CH 27-41
B 1165-1166
B 1181-1185
SN 127-135, 149-160
CW 901-966
SN 2-10
CW 1028-1036 |
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After completion of this unit you should be able to:
P explain the instability in halide
or oxide structures of discrete Cr and Mo ions relative to a cluster of two,
three or more of these metal ions;
P explain what happens when solutions
of the molybdate or tungstate salts are acidified.
P expain the unusual stability of the
complex [Mo(CN)8]4-;
P compare and discuss the chemistries
of Cr(III), Mo(III) and W(III).
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P briefly discuss the industrial
importance of the PGM's;
P explain why the platinum metals are
such effective catalysts for hydrogenation reactions;
P discuss the classification of
transition metal chloride complexes and any conclusions which can be derived
from such a classification regarding the extraction of the PGM's;
P construct a simple flow-diagram
illustrating the extraction and separation of the PGM's. (Both in S.A. and
elsewhere.);
P describe and explain the separation
of Pt and Pd after extraction with tertiary amines by stripping with thiourea
and thiocyanate;
P discuss the similarities in the
coordination chemistry of the platinum metals;
P discuss the tetraoxides of Ru and
Os;
P discuss the NO complexes of Ru and
Os;
P discuss the chemistry of Rh(III)
and Ir(III) w.r.t. Co(III);
P discuss the chemistry of Pt(II) and
Pd(II);
P discuss the chemistry of Pt(IV) and
Pd(IV).
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P discuss the chemistry involved in
the extraction of uranium;
P describe and compare:
± sulphuric acid leaching;
± carbonate leaching of uranium
ores;
P summarize the chemistry of uranium
i.t.o. standard redox potentials;
P discuss the chemistry of uranium(VI);
P discuss the bonding in the uranyl
UO22+ group;
P discuss the chemistry of uranium(V);
P discuss the chemistry of uranium(IV).
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